Tumor lysis syndrome in hematological inpatients, experience from a university hospital in Brazil: A retrospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: The tumor lysis syndrome is a medical emergency. Its presentation can be spontaneous or secondary, as a consequence of the established treatment. The diagnosis and treatment of the tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) has become a crucial goal to the evolution and improvement of treatments and targeted therapies. METHODS: Between January 2014 and December 2019, we retrospectively reviewed inpatients aged over 18 years with hematological neoplasms from a tertiary hospital in Brazil. We identified 112 episodes of TLS in 97 patients. The incidence was 10.5% and the median OS was 13.0 months (95%CI 6.2 - 19.7). The median age was 56 years (IQR 39.5 - 64). The most frequent diagnoses were multiple myeloma (18.6%), acute myeloid leukemia (17.5%) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (17.5%). All patients received intravenous (IV) hydration. The management also included the administration of allopurinol in 76% of the cases and rasburicase in eight patients. Renal replacement therapy was necessary in 37% of the cases. In the multivariate analysis, age, HIV status and ICU treatment were significantly associated with OS. CONCLUSION: The TLS is a serious complication in the setting of hematological malignancies. The use of scores for risk stratification, as well as the inclusion of prophylactic measures and prompt treatment with frequent laboratory monitoring, is essential to reduce morbidity and mortality in the comprehensive treatment of these patients.

Prophylaxis in hemophilia

Hemophilia is an inherited X-linked coagulopathy defined by a deficiency or abnormality in the clotting function of factor VIII (Hemophilia A) or factor IX (Hemophilia B). Prophylaxis ­ the regular administration of therapeutic products to maintain hemostasis and prevent bleeding ­ is the mainstream of treatment. Addressing the development and scientific evidence for administrating prophylaxis is the goal of this review. Prophylaxis is the therapeutic modality of choice for people with severe hemophilia, being considered, in principle, a lifelong treatment. It should have an early onset, ideally as a primary, or at least secondary. Even lifelong tertiary prophylaxis seems to offer benefit, although further studies are still lacking. Individualized strategies should lead to an optimization of the dilemma between better joint outcomes versus involved costs.

Hemophilia: a biography on therapeutical approaches

The history of hemophilia is ancient, with descriptions dated to the 2nd century AD. The first modern narratives appeared in 1800s, when total blood transfusion was the only available treatment and life expectancy was remarkably low. Advances occurred with the use of plasma and cryoprecipitate, but only the discovered of factor concentrates revolutionized the treatment. The implantation of prophylaxis allowed hemophilic patients to prevent bleeding and the development of chronic arthropathy, although with a significant burdensome with the regular infusions. In the past 20 years, this field has witnessed major improvements, including the development of gene therapy and other pharmacological approaches.

Malignant pleural effusion in multiple myeloma: a case report / Derrame pleural malign em mieloma múltiplo: relato de caso

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant neoplasm of monoclonal plasma cells that accumulate in bone marrow (BM). Malignant pleural effusions (MPE), as part of multiple myeloma clinical presentation, are unusual. Is even more rare as the first sign of presentation, occurring in less than 1% of the cases. The most common associated immunoglobulin with malignant pleural effusions is IgA subtype (80%). This condition carry a poor prognosis. We aim to describe a refractory case of multiple myeloma with extensive disease that presented with extramedullary relapse with malignant pleural effusions , besides discussing the importance of differential diagnosis.

O mieloma múltiplo (MM) é uma neoplasia maligna de células plasmáticas monoclonais que se acumulam na medula óssea (MO). Os derrames pleurais malignos (EPM), como parte da apresentação clínica do mieloma múltiplo, são incomuns. É ainda mais raro como primeiro sinal de apresentação, ocorrendo em menos de 1% dos casos. A imunoglobulina associada mais comum a derrames pleurais malignos é o subtipo IgA (80%). Esta condição carrega um mau prognóstico. Nosso objetivo é descrever um caso refratário de mieloma múltiplo com doença extensa que apresentou recidiva extramedular com derrame pleural maligno, além de discutir a importância do diagnóstico diferencial

[Prevalence of micro and macroangiopatic chronic complications and their risk factors in the care of out patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus]. / Prevalência de complicações micro e macrovasculares e de seus fatores de risco em pacientes com diabetes melito do tipo 2 em atendimento ambulatorial.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes (DM2) has been related to the development of macroangiopatic [coronary heart disease (CHD), peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and stroke] and microangiopatic [retinopathy, nephropathy, and distal sensory neuropathy (DSN)] complications. The aims of this study were to analyze prevalence of complications in DM2 patients and to estimate their associated risk factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, including 927 out patients with DM2 from three medical centers in Rio Grande do Sul: Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (n = 475), Grupo Hospitalar Conceicao (n = 229) and Hospital Sao Vicente de Paula (n = 223). Of the patients 42% were male, mean age was 59 +/- 10 years and the median known duration of DM2 was 11 (5-43) years. Retinopathy was identified by direct fundoscopy; CHD by WHO questionnaire and/or abnormal ECG and/or perfusion abnormalities on myocardial scintigraphy; DSN by compatible symptoms and absent sensation on 10 g monofilament and/or tune fork; PVD by the presence of claudication and absent foot pulses; stroke by presence of sequels and history; and nephropathy by the urinary albumin excretion rate (>20 microg/min). Hypertension was defined by blood pressure (>140/90 mmHg) and/or use of antihypertensive drugs. Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. RESULTS: CHD was present in 36% and PVD in 33% of the patients. Among the microvascular, 37% had nephropathy (12% with macroalbuminuria); 48% retinopathy (15% proliferative retinopathy). DSN was present in 36%. Seventy three percent of the patients presented arterial hypertension. Cholesterol levels were >200 mg/dl in 64% and BMI > 30 kg/m2 in 36%. Twenty two percent of patients were smokers and 21% ex-smokers. CONCLUSION: Diabetic complications are frequent among out patients referring to general hospitals. Almost all patients presented at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease, justifying the efforts for identification and adequate control.

Prevalência de complicações micro e macrovasculares e de seus fatores de risco em pacientes com diabetes melito do tipo 2 em atendimento ambulatorial / Prevalence of micro and macroangiopatic chronic complications and their risk factors in the care of out patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

OBJETIVOS: O diabetes melito (DM) do tipo 2 está associado ao desenvolvimento de complicações macroangiopáticas [cardiopatia isquêmica (CI), doença vascular periférica (DVP) e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC)] e microangiopáticas [retinopatia diabética (RD), nefropatia diabética (ND) e neuropatia sensitiva distal (NSD)]. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a prevalência das complicações crônicas em pacientes com DM do tipo 2 e aferir os seus possíveis fatores de risco. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, incluindo 927 pacientes com DM do tipo 2 atendidos ambulatorialmente em três centros médicos do Rio Grande do Sul: Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (n = 475), Grupo Hospitalar Conceição (n = 229) e Hospital São Vicente de Paula (n = 223). Dentre os pacientes, 42 por cento eram homens, a média de idade era de 59 ± 10 anos e a mediana da duração do DM do tipo 2 era 11 (5 - 43) anos. A RD foi definida por fundoscopia direta; a CI através do questionário da OMS e/ou alterações eletrocardiográficas e/ou anormalidades perfusionais na cintilografia miocárdica; a NSD por sintomas compatíveis e ausência de sensação ao monofilamento de 10g e/ou ao diapasão; a DVP pela claudicação e ausência de pulsos pediosos; o AVC por seqüelas ou história compatível e a ND pela excreção urinária de albumina (>20 æg/min). A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) foi definida pelos níveis pressóricos (>140/90 mmHg) e/ou uso de drogas anti-hipertensivas. Foram calculados o índice de massa corporal (IMC, kg/m²) e a razão cintura-quadril (RCQ). RESULTADOS: A CI estava presente em 36 por cento e a DVP em 33 por cento dos pacientes. Dentre as complicações microvasculares, 37 por cento tinham doença renal (12 por cento macroalbuminúricos) e 48 por cento RD (15 por cento retinopatia proliferativa). A NSD foi encontrada em 36 por cento dos pacientes. HAS estava presente em 73 por cento dos pacientes. O colesterol estava acima de 200 mg/dl em 64 por cento, enquanto o IMC > 30 kg/m² em 36 por cento. Vinte e dois por cento dos pacientes eram fumantes atuais e 21 por cento ex-tabagistas. CONCLUSAO: As complicações crônicas do DM do tipo 2 têm uma alta prevalência nos pacientes ambulatoriais de hospitais gerais. Praticamente todos os pacientes apresentavam pelo menos um fator de risco para doença cardiovascular, o que justifica o seu rastreamento e controle.